Grammar: forms of reporting verbs
There are four types of reporting verbs that can be described as follows:
Type 1
Reporting + that
Ex. Joe said: "I get ready for my trip."
The above sentence is in the form of direct speech in English. Another form of reporting what someone said or what something is said is called "indirect speech". So, the above sentence can be transformed into a sentence of indirect speech as Joe said that he got ready for his trip.
Apart from the change of pronoun (he), the present tense of the verb "get" being used in the direct speech sentence above needs to be changed into the past tense form as "got" when it is used in the form of indirect speech.
Type 2
Reporting verb + ing
Ex. "Yes, I stole the bike", he said.
When you want to report what something is said or what someone said, you can use the form of indirect speech as he admitted stealing the bike (or he admitted that he had stolen the bike).
The reporting verb "admit" can be either followed by V-ing or that + noun phrase. Of course, you have two choices to decide which one to use, but I need to focus on the form of reporting verb + ing to show that it has more than one common form of reporting what someone said.
Type 3
Reporting verb + to-infinitive
Ex. "I decided to study abroad", John said.
From the direct speech sentence above, you can transform it by using the direct speech form as John said he had decided to study abroad. There are countless reporting verbs that are followed by to-infinitive (e.g., hope, promise, offer, refuse etc.).
Type 4
Reporting verb + object pronoun + to-infinitive
"Call the police as soon as possible!", the man said.
If you decide not to use the above form of direct speech, you can use another form called indirect speech. So, you can say the man urged us to call the police.
Apart from the change of pronoun (he), the present tense of the verb "get" being used in the direct speech sentence above needs to be changed into the past tense form as "got" when it is used in the form of indirect speech.
Type 2
Reporting verb + ing
Ex. "Yes, I stole the bike", he said.
When you want to report what something is said or what someone said, you can use the form of indirect speech as he admitted stealing the bike (or he admitted that he had stolen the bike).
The reporting verb "admit" can be either followed by V-ing or that + noun phrase. Of course, you have two choices to decide which one to use, but I need to focus on the form of reporting verb + ing to show that it has more than one common form of reporting what someone said.
Type 3
Reporting verb + to-infinitive
Ex. "I decided to study abroad", John said.
From the direct speech sentence above, you can transform it by using the direct speech form as John said he had decided to study abroad. There are countless reporting verbs that are followed by to-infinitive (e.g., hope, promise, offer, refuse etc.).
Type 4
Reporting verb + object pronoun + to-infinitive
"Call the police as soon as possible!", the man said.
If you decide not to use the above form of direct speech, you can use another form called indirect speech. So, you can say the man urged us to call the police.
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