About Morphology (MA Linguistics)
The Conclusion
and review on Morphology
1. Morphology is the
study of morphemes and combination of morphemes to form-word.
2. A morpheme is the
smallest meaningful unit of language. And A morpheme will be called “Zero”
3. 2 Kinds of
morpheme
: Free morpheme and Bound morpheme
4. Free
morphemes
are those that can occur alone.
5. Bound
morphemes
are those that can’t occur alone, they must be attached to some words.
6. There are 4
methods of word-formation : Affixation, conversion, compounding and other kinds
(reduplication, clipping, blending and acronym)
7. Affixation: It is the
process of adding an affix to base word : drive ----- -er = driver.
8. Conversion: It is the
process of assigning the base to a different
word -class.
For example :
Love ---> Love / Walk --> walk.
9. Compounding: It is the
process of adding one base to another or A compound is a unit consisting of two
or more bases: Tea+ pot = teapot.
10. Reduplication – Some
compounds have two or more element which are either identical for only slightly
different : Goody – Goody (Read more detail in the textbook (If you don’t
understand)).
11. Clipping denotes the
subtraction of one or more syllables
from a word. : Telephone cut “TELE” become
1 word : PHONE.
12.Blending : in the blend, at least one of the elements
is fragmentary when compared with its corresponding uncompounded word form .
For example The term “brunch” is derived from br (eakfast) + ….. (L) unch.
13.Acronym are words
formed the initial letter of words. New acronym are freely produced, especially
for names of organizations or company. For example = C.o.d. = Cash on deliver
14.Affixes can be
divided into two kinds : The inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.
15.The
inflectional affixes are those that do not change words from one
word-class for example ..Countable (Adj.) -> Uncountable(Adj.)
16.The
derivational affixes are those that change word form one word or
subclass to another. For example , Good (Adjective)------> Goodness
(Noun)
17.Prefixes are those
that have to be added at the beginning of word.
18.Suffixes are those
that have to be added at the end of word.
19.Matrix
sentence
is one of underlying sentences, in a double- base transformation into which
structure created by changing the other sentence is inserted to create a
transform.
Syntax
1.
Syntax is the branch of grammar which is concerned with the study
of arrangement of words in sentences and of the mean by which such
relationships are shown.
2.
2 Kinds of Syntax …….Kernel sentences (rewrite rule) and
transformed sentences (T.Affix / T.do / T.wh)
3.
Kernel sentences are those fundamental which all other kinds of
sentences are derived from: The boy is good.
4.
Transformed sentences are those that are derived with the help of
the well-formed kernel sentence by applying the rule of transformation. : The good
boy is there.
5.
T. affix is obligatory and applied after all other transformation:
for example : Af. (tense/particle/-ing)
V. (M/have/be/verb)
A sentence : John is
going
Is the string :
John+present+be+ing+go
By T.af : John+be+present+go+ing
Phonological rule : John is
coimg.
6.
T.do = X + tense + y >>>> X + tense + do + y
For example:
A sentence : He takes
a pen.
Is the string : He +
tense + take + a pen.
T.negative :
He + tense + not + take + a pen.
By T.do : He +
tense + do + not + take + a pen.
By T.af : He + do +
tense + not + take + a pen.
Phonological rule : He does
not take a pen.
7.
T. Yes/No question
For example :
Sentence : John may go.
Base string : John + tense + may
+ go
T. yes/No : Tense + may + John +
go
Phonological rule : May John go?
8.
T.wh question
For Example :
A sentence : He is there
T. yes/no Question: Is he there
T.wh question : where is he?.
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